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La literatura mexicana y la miski simi: un ejemplo de la cultura que protege a los animales The literature of Mexico and the piranha: an example of the culture that protects animals. This article is about how Mexican writers describe exotic animals such as piranhas and mammoths, which helps create the idea that these animals are necessary for cultural identity. It looks at how social processes such as domestication can change what we consider to be "wild" animals. The final section discusses how Mexican views on wildlife might change in the future with globalization and global wildlife conservation initiatives like CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). Before the Conquest, mammals were found on the entire continent. The "tamenes", or sacred panthers of High Mexico, had become extinct by the time of the Conquest. Indigenous peoples of Central Mexico hunted deer, rabbits and other animals for food and clothing. Petroglyphs of various animals have been found in caves at Tula. Animals such as wolves, jaguars and large cats also had ritual roles in religion and were important to many indigenous groups. On one level, animal sacrifices were intended to maintain harmony with these animals. Animals were often associated with rain deities. The Aztecs hunted animals for food, but also used animals in religious ceremonies. A "pantheon" of gods included deer, birds, deer cats and snakes. The last were associated with the earth goddess Tonantzin. They were sacrificed to ensure a good harvest and to pacify the gods. Some of these animals may have been captured and then released to continue their lives in the wild. Animals such as lions and tigers were particularly important for Aztec rituals and may have been traded across Mesoamerica. Even today, some indigenous groups in Mexico still use animal sacrifices in religious ceremonies. Writing about the Conquest, the Spanish described the Aztecs as eating dogs and other animals. The Aztecs countered by saying that they ate dog flesh only as a punishment for cannibalism. The Aztec diet also included edible insects such as grasshoppers and ants. They also consumed fish captured in Lake Texcoco, one of which was the now-extinct "Megalops atlanticus". Many of these animals were used for ritual purposes (and possible sacrifice). There is evidence of Aztec ritual sacrifice in mounds found in the Valley of Mexico. During the festival of Huitzilopochtli, a dozen prisoners were sacrificed by being thrown into a sacred fire. This was followed by a feast and offerings of gold and other valuables to appease the gods. For many years after the Spanish Conquest, Mesoamerican cultures adopted European practices such as mining for gold and using firearms. The Spanish brought dogs with them to Mexico and dogs were used for hunting and herding sheep. Indigenous people saw them as pets like household dogs, but also used them for hunting, herding and tracking prey. eccc085e13
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